watch


A watch is a timepiece, typically worn either around the wrist or attached on a chain and carried in a pocket. Wristwatches are the most common type of watch used today. Watches evolved in the 17th century from spring powered clocks, which appeared in the 15th century. The first watches were strictly mechanical. As technology progressed, the mechanisms used to measure time have, in some cases, been replaced by use of quartz vibrations or electronic pulses.The first digital electronic watch was developed in 1970.

Before wristwatches became popular in the 1920s, most watches were pocket watches, which often had covers and were carried in a pocket and attached to a watch chain or watch fob.
Most inexpensive and medium-priced watches used mainly for timekeeping are electronic watches with quartz movements. Expensive collectible watches, valued more for their workmanship and aesthetic appeal than for simple timekeeping, often have purely mechanical movements and are powered by springs, even though mechanical movements are less accurate than more affordable quartz movements.

In addition to the time, modern watches often display the day, date, month and year, and electronic watches may have many other functions. Watches that provide additional time-related features such as timers, chronographs and alarm functions are also common. Some modern designs even go as far as using GPS technology or heart-rate monitoring capabilities.




The concept of the wristwatch goes back to the production of the very earliest watches in the 16th century. Elizabeth I of England received a wristwatch from Robert Dudley in 1571, described as an arm watch. From the beginning, wrist watches were almost exclusively worn by women, while men used pocket-watches up until the early 20th century.

Wristwatches were first worn by military men towards the end of the 19th century, when the importance of synchronizing manoeuvres during war, without potentially revealing the plan to the enemy through signalling, was increasingly recognized.




The Garstin Company of London patented a 'Watch Wristlet' design in 1893, but they were probably producing similar designs from the 1880s. Officers in the British Army began using wristwatches during colonial military campaigns in the 1880s, such as during the Anglo-Burma War of 1885.During the Boer War, the importance of coordinating troop movements and synchronizing attacks against the highly mobile Boer insurgents became paramount, and the use of wristwatches subsequently became widespread among the officer class. The company Mappin & Webb began production of their successful 'campaign watch' for soldiers during the campaign at the Sudan in 1898 and ramped up production for the Boer War a few years later.

Traditionally, watches have displayed the time in analog form, with a numbered dial upon which are mounted at least a rotating hour hand and a longer, rotating minute hand. Many watches also incorporate a third hand that shows the current second of the current minute. Watches powered by quartz usually have a second hand that snaps every second to the next marker. 




A Swiss luxury watchmaker, makes the Silen-T wristwatch with a touch-sensitive face that vibrates to help the user to tell time eyes-free. The bezel of the watch features raised bumps at each hour maker; after briefly touching the face of the watch, the wearer runs a finger around the bezel clockwise. When the finger reaches the bump indicating the hour, the watch vibrates continuously, and when the finger reaches the bump indicating the minute, the watch vibrates intermittently.

A digital display simply shows the time as a number, instead of a short hand pointing towards the number 12 and a long hand 8/60 of the way round the dial. The digits are usually shown as a seven-segment display.
The first digital mechanical pocket watches appeared in late 19th century. In the 1920s, the first digital mechanical wristwatches appeared.

Jewelry Design is the art or profession of creating, crafting, fabricating, or rendering designs for jewelry. This is an ancient practice of the goldsmith or metalworker that evolved to a billion-dollar industry with the odyssey from ancient cultures into the machine age. Jewelry design falls under the category of what is commonly known as "functional art," being art that can be worn or used.

Before an article of jewelry is created, design concepts are rendered followed by detailed technical drawings generated by a jewelry designer, a professional who is trained in the architectural and functional knowledge of fabrication techniques, composition, wearability and market trends.

Traditional hand-drawing and drafting methods are still utilized in designing jewelry particularly at the conceptual stage, but a shift is taking place to computer-aided design programs like Rhinoceros 3D and Matrix.
Once conceptual/ideation is complete, the design is rendered and fabricated using the necessary materials for proper adaptation to the function of the object.





For example, 24K gold was used in ancient jewelry design because it was more accessible than silver as source material. Before the 1st century many civilizations also incorporated beads into jewelry. Once the discovery of gemstones and gem cutting became more readily available, the art of jewelry ornamentation and design shifted. The earliest documented gemstone cut was done by Theophilus Presbyter (c. 1070 - 1125), who practiced and developed many applied arts and was a known goldsmith. Later, during the 14th Century, medieval lapidary technology evolved to include cabochons and cameos.

Early Jewelry design commissions were often constituted by nobility or the church to honor an event or as wearable ornamentation. Within the structure of early methods, enameling and repoussé became standard methods for creating ornamental wares to demonstrate wealth, position, or power. These early techniques created a specific complex design element that later would forge the baroque movement in jewelry design.




As an object of fashion, it is interesting to note that jewelry design has remained relatively constant over the years. The fundamental references, production techniques, and materials from ages ago are still being used to this day. Yet the recent rapid developments in technology and machinery have allowed artists easier alternatives to some of the old methods. These advancements have also transformed the significance and social weight jewelry holds.

The twentieth century is where this rudimentary change in the public’s attitude towards jewelry design and function is most apparent. Traditionally jewels were seen as sacred and precious; however, notably beginning in the 1900s, jewelry has started to be objectified. Additionally, no one trend can be seen as the history of jewelry design for this time period.


Throughout the twentieth century jewelry design underwent drastic and continual style changes: Art Nouveau (1900-1918), Art Deco (1919-1929), International Style & organicism (1929-1946), New Look & Pop (1947-1967), Globalization, Materialism, and Minimalism.Jewelry design trends are highly affected by the economic and social states of the time. The boundaries of styles and trends tend to blur together and the clear stylistic divisions of the past are harder to see during the twentieth century.

The history of jewelry, craft vs. high art, and the jewelry market are just a few subjects that contemporary jewelry designers are working with today. Jewelry design is always continuous and fluid while simultaneously timeless.

 Jewellery fashion

 If they are constructed well, certain pieces of costume jewelry can be hard to differentiate from fine jewelry. The visual appearance of precious metal can be seen on the surface of costume jewelry in the form of plating, dipping, filling, and rolling in both gold and silver metals. However, when closely examining these pieces, coatings of precious metals can be easily scratched off, which will reveal copper, nickel, or a number of other metals that do not fit into the category of precious metals. Additionally, there are costume pieces that are referred to as gold or silver tone, which means the coatings on these pieces are equitable to a gold or silver paint.

Stones must be natural gemstones, which possess all the visual, chemical, and physical properties of mined gemstones to be categorized as fine jewelry. All pearls that are naturally formed are categorized as fine jewelry. Many people become confused about pearls because they are unsure if cultured pearls are authentic. Cultured pearls are natural pearls. They are cultivated in oysters that are specifically used for the scheduled production of pearls. Since they are natural, cultured pearls are categorized as fine jewelry. All natural diamonds are considered to be fine jewelry. Many manufactured stones are not in the category of fine jewelry because they are not genuine diamonds. Some of these synthetic stones include briolite, cubic zirconium, Diamonique, glass, moissanite, plastic, quartz, rhinestone, and strontium titanate. Diamonds consist of pure carbon. Lab-created diamonds are of the same chemical properties as diamonds; however, when lab-created diamonds are sold, they must be identified as being lab-created. The price of lab-created diamonds is significantly lower when compared to natural diamonds. Many people like the idea of having the choice to set a lab-created diamond into their jewelry because they can get the stones for a fraction of the price of a mined diamond. However, the value of the piece will not be worth as much if they decide to sell it later on. These stones are considered to be substitutions for mined diamonds.

Costume jewelry first appeared in the 1930s. Wearing costume jewelry was a way to embellish a costume or an outfit. When the term costume jewelry is used today, it is sometimes interchanged with the term fashion jewelry. Both have become synonymous with one another. The term is generally dependent on the place where the jewelry was purchased. These terms are used to describe jewelry that is usually constructed of inexpensive mass produced materials. For consumers, the biggest difference between costume and fine jewelry is the price. High-quality craftsmanship and metals command a much higher price. Designers who are well-known and popular design jewelry that is not classified as fine jewelry, but many of their pieces are highly sought after by consumers. This usually drives the price higher; however, consumers love these pieces. Many designers have become household names through their costume jewelry designs, and their pieces do well in today's marketplace.

 Most costume jewelry is constructed with plated metal. There is only a thin coat of metal over other, less expensive metals. Brass is a base metal often used for this purpose. Some costume pieces have no precious metal at all, and they are painted over a less expensive metal to resemble gold, silver, or platinum. Jewelry considered to be costume also includes authentic gold, silver, or platinum settings that are set with manufactured stones. If the stones are natural, but the settings are plated, the piece is categorized as costume jewelry. If the main stone in the piece is natural, but the surrounding stones are manufactured, the piece will be classified as costume jewelry. The same is true if the surrounding stones are natural and the main stone is manufactured. Mixing natural gemstones with manufactured gemstones in a precious metal setting may significantly lower the value of the piece in the retail market.

The methods used to tell the difference between fine jewelry and costume jewelry are simple. Fashion jewelry is not made of precious metals, natural gemstones, natural pearls, or diamonds. There are some exceptions with precious metal pieces. These include precious metal settings that feature a main stone as a natural stone, but the surrounding stones are manufactured. The opposite is also true. When the main stone is manufactured and the surrounding stones are natural, the jewelry will be classified as costume jewelry. The term costume jewelry is generally interchangeable with the term fashion jewelry. Many of today's designers design fashion jewelry, and consumers enjoy collecting their pieces. Although a designer name may increase the price, their pieces are trendsetting items that are highly sought after. Modern designers have become very popular through their lines of costume jewelry, and their pieces sell quickly within the marketplace.

Jewellery fashion

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